Multi-cluster communication
Linkerd can connect Kubernetes services across cluster boundaries in a way that is secure, fully transparent to the application, and independent of network topology. This multi-cluster capability is designed to provide:
- A unified trust domain. The identity of source and destination workloads are validated at every step, both in and across cluster boundaries.
- Separate failure domains. Failure of a cluster allows the remaining clusters to function.
- Support for any type of network. Linkerd does not require any specific network topology between clusters, and can function both with hierarchical networks as well as when clusters share the same flat network.
- A unified model alongside in-cluster communication. The same observability, reliability, and security features that Linkerd provides for in-cluster communication extend to cross-cluster communication.
Just as with in-cluster connections, Linkerd’s cross-cluster connections are transparent to the application code. Regardless of whether that communication happens within a cluster, across clusters within a datacenter or VPC, or across the public Internet, Linkerd will establish a connection between clusters that’s reliable, encrypted, and authenticated on both sides with mTLS.
How it works
Linkerd’s multi-cluster support works by “mirroring” service information between clusters, using a service mirror component that watches a target cluster for updates to services and applies those updates locally on the source cluster.
These mirrored services are suffixed with the name of the remote cluster, e.g. the Foo service on the west cluster would be mirrored as Foo-west on the local cluster. This approach is typically combined with traffic splitting or dynamic request routing to allow local services to access the Foo service as if it were on the local cluster.
Linkerd supports two basic forms of multi-cluster communication: hierarchical and flat.
Hierarchical networks
In hierarchical mode, Linkerd deploys a gateway component on the target cluster that allows it to receive requests from source clusters. This approach works on almost any network topology, as it only requires that the gateway IP of the destination cluster be reachable by pods on the source cluster.
Flat networks
As of Linkerd 2.14, Linkerd supports pod-to-pod communication for clusters that share a flat network, where pods can establish TCP connections and send traffic directly to each other across cluster boundaries. In these environments, Linkerd does not use a gateway intermediary for data plane traffic, which provides several advantages:
- Improved latency by avoiding an additional network hop
- Reduced operational costs in cloud environments that require a
LoadBalancer-type service for the gateway - Better multi-cluster authorization policies, as workload identity is preserved across cluster boundaries.
Hierarchical (gateway-based) and flat (direct pod-to-pod) modes can be combined,
and pod-to-pod mode can be enabled for specific services by using the
remote-discovery value for the label selector used to export services to other
clusters. See the pod-to-pod multicluster
communication guide and the
multi-cluster reference for more.
Headless services
By default, Linkerd will mirror all exported services as Kubernetes clusterIP
services. This also extends to headless services; an exported
headless service will be mirrored as clusterIP and have an IP address
assigned to it. In general, headless services should not have an IP address,
they are used when a workloads needs a stable network identifier or to
facilitate service discovery without being tied to Kubernetes’ native
implementation. This allows clients to either implement their own load
balancing or to address a pod directly through its DNS name. In certain
situations, it is desirable to preserve some of this functionality, especially
when working with Kubernetes objects that require it, such as
StatefulSet.
Linkerd’s multi-cluster extension can be configured with support for headless services when linking two clusters together. When the feature is turned on, the service mirror component will export headless services without assigning them an IP. This allows clients to talk to specific pods (or hosts) across clusters. To support direct communication, underneath the hood, the service mirror component will create an endpoint mirror for each host that backs a headless service. To exemplify, if in a target cluster there is a StatefulSet deployed with two replicas, and the StatefulSet is backed by a headless service, when the service will be exported, the source cluster will create a headless mirror along with two “endpoint mirrors” representing the hosts in the StatefulSet.
This approach allows Linkerd to preserve DNS record creation and support direct communication to pods across clusters. Clients may also implement their own load balancing based on the DNS records created by the headless service. Hostnames are also preserved across clusters, meaning that the only difference in the DNS name (or FQDN) is the headless service’s mirror name. In order to be exported as a headless service, the hosts backing the service need to be named (e.g a StatefulSet is supported since all pods have a hostname, but a Deployment would not be supported, since they do not allow for arbitrary hostnames in the pod spec).
Ready to get started? See the getting started with multi-cluster guide for a walkthrough.
Further reading
- Multi-cluster installation instructions.
- Pod-to-pod multicluster communication
- Multi-cluster communication with StatefulSets.
- Architecting for multi-cluster Kubernetes, a blog post explaining some of the design rationale behind Linkerd’s multi-cluster implementation.
- Multi-cluster Kubernetes with service mirroring, a deep dive of some of the architectural decisions behind Linkerd’s multi-cluster implementation.
